Background: Osteoporosis is a common bone disease defined by decreased bone mineral density and increased fragility and fracture risk. A variety of factors, both genetic and environmental, contribute to the disease, which is frequently identified after a fracture occurs, especially in the hip, spine, and wrist, posing a significant health issue. This condition is observed more frequently in females and older adults. Diagnostic procedures typically involve assessments of bone mineral density using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Treatment strategies encompass both non-pharmacological approaches and pharmacological interventions, especially for women undergoing menopause. Given its extensive impact on public health, strategies for preventive measures and therapeutic management are the keys to combating this prevalent disorder. Aim: This article serves a crucial purpose in the field of osteoporosis research. It aims to comprehensively review basic science studies on osteoporosis and its risk factors, providing a deeper understanding of this prevalent bone disease. Methods: Our review adheres to the preferred reporting items for review. We conducted an extensive literature search in the web databases PubMed, Research Gate, Google Scholar, and Scopus, covering original publications from 2011 to 2022 in the English language. Conclusions: Osteoporosis is a pressing public health concern, particularly as the population ages. It is characterized by decreased bone mineral density and increased fragility and fracture risk. A multitude of factors contribute to its development. Diagnosis relies on assessing bone mineral density, and management strategies involve a combination of non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. However, a comprehensive understanding of osteoporosis is critical to effective prevention and management.