There is a serious ecological threat to all living species because of the ever-increasing pollution levels in drinking water. In order to efficiently remove a wide spectrum of heavy metals from polluted water, numerous conventional and non-traditional approaches have been utilised. Restriction of huge substrates will be an important advance towards the real usage of various nano-biomaterials in water purification systems. To remove the excess fluoride, heavy metals, and fluoride-like heavy metals in the water, researchers have developed new, novel, cost-effective, and easily available technologies. Future research will be dependent on the excluded interaction between the effects of nanoconfinement and water purification improvements as a result of this key notion. There are several effective adsorbents that can remove excessive levels of heavy metals, and these adsorbents are easy to get and accessible to the general public, as demonstrated in this review.