The utilization of a renewable energy source not only addresses energy demands but also contributes to the attainment of long-term developmental objectives. Employing a Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) design for evaluating heat application within a medium temperature range is of paramount importance, enhancing the accessibility of solar energy. This study involves the design of a parabolic solar water heating system featuring concentric tubes. The system is showcased at NIT Jamshedpur (latitude 22.85 N, longitude 86.25 E), with a collector structure boasting dimensions of 500 mm aperture width and 1160 mm length. The complete lifecycle of the framework, including its development, creation, implementation, and assessment, is executed within the institute. Operating with water as the working fluid, initially at 26 °C, and propelled through a closed loop via a 6 V micro DC submersible solar pump, the system achieves a high handling capacity of 120 liters per hour with a remarkably low current consumption of 220 mA. An in-depth analysis dissects both the optical and thermal performance of the collector, encompassing key metrics like peak optical efficiency, incidence angle modifier, heat loss, and thermal efficiency, especially focusing on the glass-covered receiver. Furthermore, this article presents methodologies for accurately estimating heat loss and system thermal efficiency. The pinnacle optical efficiency of a glass-covered system reaches nearly 46.26% under normal heat loss conditions, corresponding to an average incident solar radiation of 598 W/m2. Operating at a mass flow rate of 0.07 kg/sec and an incident solar radiation of 598 W/m2 sustained over 7 hours, the system attains a temperature of 51 °C. This study is fundamentally oriented towards the evaluation of the thermal efficiency of solar water heaters (SWHs) operating optimally under varying mass flow rates while accommodating fluctuations in storage capacity.