Background: Of the patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) treated by maintenance dialysis in the United States, approximately 90% are on maintenance hemodialysis and 10% are on peritoneal dialysis.1 Maintenance hemodialysis patients are at higher risk for infection, because uremia is known to make patients with ESRD more susceptible to infectious agents through defects in cellular immunity, neutrophil function, and complement activation. The number of patients requiring hemodialysis (HD) because of obesity-related renal diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing. Patients receiving HD often have complex chronic wounds, which are hard to heal because of complications of other diseases, including DM, calciphylaxis, collagen disease, arteriosclerosis obliterans, chronic anemia, and weakness of the skin. Catheter-related bloodstream infections, exit-site infections, and tunnel infections are common complications related to hemodialysis central venous catheter use. The various definitions of catheter-related infections are reviewed, and various preventive strategies are discussed. Treatment options, for both empiric and definitive infections, including antibiotic locks and systemic antibiotics, are reviewed.