Smoking and alcohol consumption are widespread behaviors that have significant implications for public health. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of smoking and alcohol consumption on various aspects of public health, including physical health, mental health, social well-being, and healthcare systems. The paper examines the epidemiological evidence linking smoking and alcohol consumption to various health outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory disorders, cancer, mental health disorders, interpersonal violence, and healthcare utilization. Additionally, the paper explores the socio-economic determinants of smoking and alcohol consumption, as well as strategies for prevention and intervention at individual, community, and policy levels. Through a synthesis of existing literature and empirical data, this paper aims to inform public health policies and initiatives aimed at reducing the burden of smoking and alcohol-related harm on individuals and society.