The quest for power and energy has its roots in the aspirations of nations to achieve economic growth and development for a better future. As the 20th century came to a close, dams emerged as pivotal players in the realm of energy generation technology. Global concerns about climate change and the increasing desire for a clean and environmentally friendly future have significantly propelled the construction of dams, surpassing the preference for thermal and nuclear power plants. This shift is primarily attributed to the perception of hydropower energy as a cleaner and more sustainable alternative, in contrast to traditional, polluting energy generation methods such as thermal and nuclear power. In the Indian context, dam construction has been an integral part of the nation's journey since gaining independence, intensifying in tandem with India's pursuit of economic growth and development. Notably, numerous mega-dams have been erected on the country's major rivers, including the Bhakra-Nangal dam on the Sutlej River, Sardar Sarovar Dam in Narmada river, Hirakud Dam on the Mahanadi River, Nagarjuna Sagar dam on the Krishna River, Pandoh dam on the Beas River, Ukai dam on the Tapti River, Gandhi Sagar dam on the Chambal River, and others. These monumental structures have been revered as the cornerstones of energy security and instrumental in driving India's economic progress. In terms of cost-benefit analyses dams have some good things they do, like preventing floods, helping with farming by providing water for irrigation, and making electricity. But we also need to think about the bad things about dams, like how they can harm the environment and the people who live both downstream and upstream from the dam. It's like weighing the good and bad sides of dams to decide if they're a good idea or not. The north-eastern region of India has been recognized as the nation's upcoming economic hub, and there are plans for approximately 168 substantial hydroelectric projects, aiming for a combined installed capacity of 63,328 megawatts in the area. There is considerable apprehension regarding the confirmed and anticipated societal and environmental consequences of these hydroelectric initiatives in the north-eastern area. This paper delves into the Assam context, emphasizing the sociological aspects of hydropower project development in North-eastern India and its ramifications on the environment and local ecology in the downstream areas in Assam.