There are still many primitive societies scattered in different parts of India. They largely depend on their traditional knowledge-based skills and practises. Based on this knowledge, tribal communities try to exploit different kinds of natural resources in their neighbouring areas. It is in such cases that their dependence on ethnomedicinal treatments is maximum. The north of West Bengal is rich in environmental resources. Several tribal communities have lived there for a long time and rely heavily on traditional resources to cope with various disease situations. Neem is a very important local herbal resource in these areas that has strong ethnomedicinal properties. The local tribal communities in northern West Bengal show their absolute dependence on neem and neem-based products to treat various diseases and health problems. Although their traditional ethnomedicinal knowledge and practises have changed very slowly over time, this may be due to the influence of various external and internal forces. A wide range of literature is helpful in gaining in-depth knowledge on this topic. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to ascertain the ethnomedicinal significance of neem among the local tribal communities in northern West Bengal based on the available literature sources as well as direct field experiences. Various secondary literature sources were used. At the same time, some field methods like interviews, direct observation and FGDs with due importance were also used