Radiation doses can be escalated in radiation therapy, which has been identified as an innovative modality offering better treatment prospects by enabling delivery of higher doses of radiation only to tumor tissues with healthy tissues being spared, named conformity. Such a critical examination focuses on dose escalation in the field of cancer treatment through radiation therapy. It analyses its possible benefits, shortcomings, and influence on the outcomes of the treated patients. A critical reflection of the literature stems from a deep and thorough review that integrates the most important breakthroughs in the relevant areas, such as finding out how to choose a dose and avoiding adverse effects of medicines in long-term use of a therapy. The course of the analysis is also dedicated to new developments, up-to-date technologies, and further ways for dose-escalation in clinical practice, helping physicians not only with providing evidence-based treatment but also with decision-making.