Background: Dental caries, a prevalent health condition globally, remains a significant public health issue, particularly among preschool children. The burden of caries varies based on factors like ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and oral hygiene practices. Early childhood caries (ECC) affects vulnerable children disproportionately, with high prevalence rates in less developed countries. Intrauterine enamel defects, influenced by factors like vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy, can lead to developmental defects in offspring, increasing the risk of dental caries. Vitamin D also plays a crucial role in immune modulation and the synthesis of antimicrobial proteins, impacting oral health. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dental caries in children and vitamin D deficiency, determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in children with dental caries, assess the impact of vitamin D deficiency on the development and progression of dental caries, and explore potential interventions to prevent or treat dental caries in children with vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion: The research underscores the significant influence of vitamin D deficiency on childhood dental caries. It highlights the importance of adequate vitamin D intake during pregnancy to prevent enamel defects and reduce the risk of caries in children. Moreover, it discusses the immunomodulatory role of vitamin D and its impact on antimicrobial proteins, emphasizing the potential benefits of optimizing vitamin D levels for enhancing antibacterial defense against caries. The study also addresses strategies for preventing, diagnosing, and treating childhood caries, emphasizing a comprehensive approach involving home-care methods, professional dental interventions, and early carious lesion detection techniques to effectively manage and prevent dental caries in children.