The present study is a review article on Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) and its incidence, prevalence and risk factors. Although early stages of ROP typically regress or heal on their own, more advanced stages can cause serious vision impairment or blindness and hence require treatment. Premature newborns are highly vulnerable to ROP. Fifteen articles were selected to compile this review and the search engines used were pub med, Google scholar and Scopus using keywords ROP, associated risk factors of ROP and ROP related childhood blindness. Review indicates all infants born in underdeveloped nations, such as India, who weight less than 2,000 gm and born at a gestational age of less than equal to 36 weeks are having very high chance of developing ROP and should always be screened. Risk factors of ROP could be linked to both the infant as well as maternal health. Because ROP in newborns is often asymptomatic in its early stages before progressing this disease to advanced condition, early screening is recommended for very low birth weight and extremely premature infants.