This critical review explores the indispensable role of nursing in the promotion and advancement of public health, tracing its historical roots and examining its evolving functions in the contemporary healthcare landscape. Nursing, an integral component of the healthcare system, serves as the backbone of public health by offering direct patient care, community health education, advocacy, and participation in shaping health policies. This article delves into the multifaceted contributions of nurses to public health, highlighting their role in disease prevention, health promotion, emergency preparedness, and chronic disease management. Despite facing challenges such as workforce shortages, resource constraints, and the ever-changing landscape of public health threats, the nursing profession continues to adapt and innovate. Through case studies and evidence-based practices, this review showcases the impact of nursing interventions on improving health outcomes and reducing healthcare disparities. The article concludes with recommendations for policy reforms, enhanced nursing education, and interdisciplinary collaboration to strengthen the role of nursing in public health and ensure resilient healthcare systems. This review underscores the critical need for recognizing, supporting, and investing in nursing to sustain and advance public health objectives.