Background: Periodontitis is a prevalent infection-driven inflammatory disease affecting the tooth-supporting tissues. The disease's development and progression are influenced by genetics, environmental factors, and behaviors. The destruction of alveolar bone due to osteoclastogenesis activation is a hallmark of periodontitis, leading to tooth support loss. Various demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors such as smoking and diabetes significantly impact the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease. The immune response in the gingiva maintains a balance between oral biofilms and the host, with dysbiosis potentially leading to disease onset. Objective: This review aims to investigate the multifactorial nature of periodontitis, exploring genetic, environmental, and behavioral contributors. It also seeks to examine the relationship between periodontitis and systemic health conditions, assess its impact on quality of life, and explore potential biomarkers for early detection and novel therapeutic targets. Conclusion: Periodontitis is a complex inflammatory disease influenced by genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors, with the oral microbiota-host immune response interplay playing a critical role. The disease is linked to systemic health conditions, highlighting the importance of periodontal health for overall well-being. Understanding the pathophysiology and immunological aspects of periodontitis is crucial for effective early detection and treatment strategies. While periodontal therapy aims to reduce infection and inflammation, long-term success requires continuous maintenance and patient compliance. Further research into biomarkers and therapeutic interventions is essential for enhancing periodontal disease management outcomes.