Environmental factors, such as air and water quality, housing conditions, access to green spaces, and exposure to environmental hazards, have been shown to have a profound impact on the health outcomes of vulnerable populations, including low-income individuals, children, the elderly, and minority communities. Public health nurses play a crucial role in identifying and addressing these environmental determinants of health through advocacy, education, policy development, and community-based interventions. The review highlights the various ways in which environmental factors can contribute to health disparities and inequalities among vulnerable populations, leading to higher rates of chronic diseases, respiratory illnesses, mental health disorders, and other adverse health outcomes. It also discusses the importance of adopting a holistic and interdisciplinary approach to addressing environmental health issues, involving collaboration between public health nurses, environmental health specialists, community organizations, policymakers, and other stakeholders. Furthermore, the article explores the challenges and barriers faced by public health nurses in addressing environmental health concerns among vulnerable populations, including limited resources, lack of public awareness, and competing priorities. Strategies for overcoming these challenges are discussed, such as increasing public education and awareness, advocating for policy changes, and building partnerships with community organizations and local governments.