Background: treatment of mandibular fracture is still a matter of debate regarding optimal timing for surgical open reduction and fixation, the effect of delay of initiation of treatment on complication is not well studied. Objectives: the aim of the current study is to identify a solid, evidence based statement about optimal timing of open reduction and fixation of mandibular fracture. Methods: A literature review including Pubmed, Scopus for studies included different timing for open reduction and fixation of mandibular fracture. Results: In terms of postoperative complications, prior studies have shown an association between prior treatment and diminished disease. Regarding other post-operative complications as TMJ dysfunction, numbness and malocclusion, a non-significant increased rate of such complications was observed in delayed treatment. Conclusion: It should be possible to treat most patients with mandibular fractures by the end of the day after admission. This would allow enough time for the resolution of any other medical problems such as acute intoxication, the optimisation of a pre-existing medical condition.