Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VEGFA gene. This gene is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and encodes a protein that is often found as a disulfide linked homodimer. VEGF-A shows prominent activity with vascular endothelial cells, primarily through its interactions with the VEGFR1 and -R2 receptors found in prominently on the endothelial cell membrane. Although, it does have effects on a number of other cell types (e.g., stimulation monocyte/macrophage migration, neurons, cancer cells, kidney epithelial cells). In vitro, VEGF-A has been shown to stimulate endothelial cell mitogenesis and cell migration. VEGF-A is also a vasodilator and increases microvascular permeability and was originally referred to as vascular permeability factor. Interleukin-1b (IL-1b) also known as leukocytic pyrogen, leukocytic endogenous mediator, mononuclear cell factor, lymphocyte activating factor and other names, is a cytokine protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1B gene. There are two genes for interleukin-1 (IL-1): IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta. IL-1b precursor is cleaved by cytosolic caspase 1 (interleukin 1 b convertase) to form mature IL-1b. Several studies have reported increased expression levels of IL-1b in uterine leiomyoma tissue compared to healthy myometrium. This suggests the involvement of IL-1b in the pathogenesis and growth of leiomyomas. Uterine leiomyoma is associated with a chronic inflammatory microenvironment, characterized by infiltrating immune cells. IL-1b has been shown to promote this inflammatory environment through its ability to induce the expression of pro-inflammatory factors