X-ray technology, since its inception, has become a cornerstone in a myriad of sectors, most notably in healthcare, industry, and security. This critical analysis delves into the multifaceted impact of radiographic technology on society, illuminating its revolutionary contributions to medical diagnostics, public safety, and industrial quality assurance. However, the technology's pervasive use brings forth significant challenges, including health risks associated with radiation exposure, ethical dilemmas surrounding patient consent and privacy, environmental concerns due to hazardous waste, and socioeconomic barriers limiting access to advanced imaging services. Through a comprehensive review, this article highlights the delicate balance between leveraging the benefits of X-ray technology and mitigating its inherent risks and challenges. The discourse extends to emerging trends and innovations, such as the integration of artificial intelligence and portable X-ray devices, proposing potential pathways to address current limitations while emphasizing the importance of ethical considerations and policy development in navigating the future of radiographic technology.