Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowder has attracted significant attention in recent years due to its unique structural and optical properties, making it a promising material for various applications in optoelectronics, catalysis, sensors, and energy storage. This research paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the structural and optical characterization techniques employed to investigate the properties of ZnO nanopowder. The paper discusses the synthesis methods, crystal structure, surface morphology, and optical properties of ZnO nanopowder. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of these characterizations in understanding the fundamental properties and potential applications of ZnO nanopowder.